Original Philosophy
School of Thought
- REALISM
Thinkers:
- Aristotle
- Harris Broudy
- John Locke
- John Comenius
- Johann Henrich Pestalozzi
- Jean Jacques Rosseu
Assumptions
- Reality is what we observe.
- Experience exists only in the physical world.
- Mind is like a mirror receiving images only from the physical world.
- Nature is a primary self-evident reality, a starting point in philosophizing.
- Investigating and reasoning are important in any effective adjustment to the real world in the control of experience.
Role of Teachers
- Help develop initiative and ability to control experiences.
- Help realize that they can enter into the meaning of their experiences
- The students would be taught factual information for mastery.
Models/Strategies
- The use of Scientific Methods
- Defining the problem
- Observing factors related to problem
- Hypothesizing
- Testing the hypothesis
Educational Aim
- Gives direction and form to individual’s basic potentialities.
- Determines the direction of the individual’s inherited tendencies.
- Provide an education that could produce a good individual and a good society by meeting 4 principal need of an individual.
- Aptitude needs
- Self-determination needs
- Self-realization needs.
- Self-integration needs
Curriculum Emphasis
- Study habits
- Research skills
- Library skills
- Evaluation
- Observation
- Experimentation
- Analytical and critical thinking
School of Thought
- IDEALISM
Thinkers:
- Plato
- Socrates
- Rene Decartes
Assumptions
- Emphasize the importance of mind, soul and spirit.
- Believes in refined wisdom. Based on the view that reality is a world within a person’s mind.
- Schools exist to sharpen the mind and intellectual processes.
- One of the oldest school of thoughts with its origin traced back to Plato’s ideas.
Role of Teachers
- Transmitter of knowledge
- Chief source of inspiration
- Creator of educational environment (teacher-centered).
Models/Strategies
- Lecture-Discussion Method
- Excursion
- Question Method
- Project Method
Educational Aim
- To develop the individual spiritually, mentally, and morally.
Curriculum Emphasis
Subject Matter of mind:
- literature
- history
- philosophy
- mathematics
- arts
School of Thought
- PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM/EMPERICISM
Thinkers:
- John Dewey
- Charles Sanders Peirce
- William James
- Richard Rorty
Assumptions
- Conservative philosophy
- Primarily an American philosophy.
- Focuses on reflective thinking. The knowledge process, the relationship of ideas into action.
- Encourages people to find processes that work in order to attain desired goals.
- Makes use of experience as a source of knowledge
Role of Teachers
- Keeps order in the class
- Facilitates group work
- Encourages and offers suggestions, questions and help in planning
- Curriculum planner.
Models/Strategies
- Experimental Methods
- Statement of the problem
- Hypothesizing
- Investigating or data gathering
- Testing hypothesis
- Forming conclusions
- Creative and constructive projects
- Field trips
- Laboratory work
- Activity-centered
- Student-centered activities
Educational Aim
- For social efficiency.
- Train the students to continuously and actively quest for information and production of new ideas needed to adjust to the ever-changing society.
Curriculum Emphasis
- Creation of new social order
- Integrated and based on the problem of society (NCBTS based).
- Subjects are interdisciplinary.
Traditional/Conservative Philosophy
School of Thought
- PERENNIALISM
Thinkers:
- Robert Maynard Hutchins
- Mortimer Jerome Adler
- Jacques Maritain
Assumptions
- Most Conservative philosophy
- Education focuses on developing rationality.
- Education is preparation for life, and the students should be taught of the world’s permanencies through structured studies.
- Truths are constant and universal.
- Students must acquire knowledge of unchanging principles.
Role of Teachers
- Known Master of Discipline.
- Source of knowledge (teacher-centered).
Models/Strategies
- Subject-centered.
- Methods of disciplining the mind through reading and discussion
- Memorization to develop mastery.
Educational Aim
- To develop power of thought, internalize truths that are universal and constant.
Curriculum Emphasis
- Great ideas or universal principles.
- Focused on arts and sciences.
School of Thought
- ESSENTIALISM/TRADITIONALISM/CONSERVATISM
Thinkers:
- Plato
- Karl Popper
- John Stuart Mill
- William Bagley
Assumptions
- Assumes that values are embedded in the universe waiting to be discovered and understood.
- Learning is relatively static, since there is only one way to understand the world that is already written in the book (textbook approach to learning).
- Study of knowledge and skills based on the book is imperative to become productive member of the society.
Role of Teachers
- Base the lesson to the book.
- Prepare well-organized lesson to prove that he is an authority of instruction.
Models/Strategies
- Deductive method
- Drill method
- Recitation
- Memorization
Educational Aim
- Provide sound training of the fundamental skills.
- Develop individual to perform justly, skillfully and magnanimously.
Curriculum Emphasis
- Emphasis on essential skills in reading, writing and counting.
- Hard sciences and vocational courses.
Contemporary Philosophy
School of Thought
- PROGRESSIVISM
Thinkers:
- William Heard Kilpatrick
- John Dewey
Assumptions
- Exactly opposite of perennialism.
- Assumes that the world changes.
- Learner must be taught to be independent, self-reliant thinker, learn to discipline himself, be responsible for the consequences of his actions.
- Emphasize on the concept of progress which asserts that human beings are capable of improving and perfecting their environment.
- Curriculum must be derived from the needs and interests of the students.
Role of Teachers
- Acts as a resource person
- Guide or facilitator of learning (student-centered).
- Teaches students how to learn and become active problem solvers.
- Teachers provide experiences that will make students active and not passive.
Models/Strategies
- Cooperative learning strategies.
- Reflective strategies
- Problem solving strategies.
Educational Aim
- To provide the learner the necessary skills to be able to interact with his ever changing environment.
Curriculum Emphasis
- Activity and experience centered on life functions.
School of Thought
- EXISTENTIALISM/EXPERIMENTALISM
Thinkers:
- Soren Aabye Kierkegaard
- Jean-Paul Sartre
Assumptions
- Man has no fixed nature and he shapes his being as he lives.
- Man exists of his own choice.
- Reality is what you experience.
- School exists to discover and expand society we live in. Students study social experiments and solve problems.
- Existence precedes essence.
Role of Teachers
- Good provider of experiences.
- Effective questioner.
- Mental disciplinarian.
- Creates an atmosphere for active interaction.
- Discuss the different situations based on each individual experiences.
Models/Strategies
- Inquiry Approach
- Question-Answer Method
Educational Aim
- To train an individual for significant and meaningful existence.
Curriculum Emphasis
- Subject-centered.
- Arts for aesthetic expression
- Humanities for ethical values.
School of Thought
- RECONSTRUCTIONALISM
Thinkers:
- Theodore Brameld
- George Sylvester Counts
- Paulo Reglus Neves Freire
- Ivan Illich
Assumptions
- Man to a significant degree plan and control his society.
- Society is in need of constant reconstruction.
- Social change involves a reconstruction of education and the use of education in reconstructing society.
- Mankind has the intellectual, technological, and moral potential to create a world civilization of abundance, health and human capacity.
Role of Teachers
- Lead the learners in designing programs for social, educational, practical and economic change.
- Primary agent of social change.
- Initiates lively discussions on controversial issues, political and educational.
- Enables the learners to critically examine their cultural heritage.
Models/Strategies
- Community-based projects
- Problem-oriented method
Educational Aim
- Education is based on the quest for better society.
- Education enlivens the students’ awareness of different societal problems.
Curriculum Emphasis
- Stresses learning that enable the individual to live in a global milieu.
- Controversial national and international issues.
- Emphasis on social sciences and social research methods; examination of social, economic and political problems.
- Focused on present and future trends.
Scientia Analytica 